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Depersonalisation, burnout and resilience among mental health clinicians
2017
Wright, Stephen
Canterbury Christ Church University

Burnout in human services has become a widely researched psychological concept over the last 40 years (Shaufeli, Leiter & Maslach, 2009). Negative outcomes of clinician burnout in mental health services is well documented, however less research has focused on the specific burnout subsection of depersonalisation (Maslach, 1998). A mixed methodology was used which aimed to examine predictors of depersonalisation among qualified clinicians employed in NHS mental health services, as well as an exploration of experiences of resilience and burnout. A total of 261 Mental Health Nurses, Clinical Psychologists and Social Workers employed in NHS mental health services completed an online survey and open-ended qualitative
questions. Multiple regression analysis suggested five significant predictors of depersonalisation; clinicians’ specialties, years of experience post-qualification, exposure to physical abuse, emotional exhaustion and low ratings of personal achievement. No significant differences of depersonalisation were reported among different professions. Thematic Analysis of responses to open-ended questions suggested that a ‘love of the job’ or desire to ‘help service users’ supported resilience. Job stressors such as exposure to physical abuse or bullying were reported as detrimental to resilience. Implications of maintaining compassionate and effective client care were discussed as well as limitations and areas of future research.

(dis) engagement: critical drivers and outcomes as perceived by employees
2010
Stigter, Marc
Lancaster University

This research explores – in depth – critical drivers and outcomes of engagement as perceived by individual employees in Australia. This research also looks at employee engagement from a reverse perspective by exploring critical drivers and outcomes of disengagement. In addition, the impact of psychological contract violation on employees’ disengagement is explored. The theoretical framework subsequently includes employee engagement (from academic and practice perspectives) and psychological contract violation. The objective of this sociological study is to advance our understanding of the (dis) engagement phenomenon as a process including critical drivers and outcomes as generically perceived by individual employees. As part of the empirical inquiry investigating the (dis) engagement phenomenon within its real-life context, this study has involved researching 131 participants across three Australian case studies through face-to-face interviewing (82 participants) and focus groups interviewing (49 participants). Acknowledging this study’s sociological inquiry at the micro-level of organisation, it does consider the perceptions of participants to be potentially representative of the larger scale macro- levels of social organisation. The first main finding suggests that critically perceived drivers of engagement are recognition and flexible working. The second main finding suggests that psychological contract violation can be a critical driver of disengagement. The final main finding suggests that potential (toxic) outcomes of disengagement can be counterproductive behaviours at work exemplified through bullying, fraud, lying, breaches of confidentiality, and non-compliance of organisational rules and processes

Workplace bullying and its effect on employee well-being in Ghana’s oil and gas industry
2019
Kumako, Stephen Kodjo
The University of Nottingham

The World Health Organisation (2017) asserts that changes in the world of work have resulted in new risks to employee health and safety. The focus of occupational health and safety professionals has evolved beyond physical risks, and now includes psychosocial risks such as workplace bullying. Workplace bullying is an extreme social stressor that has the potential to affect victims, witnesses, co-workers, significant others, the organisation itself and society. Whilst much is known about this phenomenon in other parts of the world, very little research effort has examined workplace bullying in Sub-Saharan African countries such as Ghana. Accordingly, this thesis aimed at understanding the lived experiences of employees in the nascent oil and gas industry in Ghana. Furthermore, this research sought to apply the Job Demands-Resources model to workplace bullying and test an adapted theoretical model based on Einarsen et al’s (2011) comprehensive model of workplace bullying. To this end, a mixed methods design was adopted using employees from the upstream, midstream and downstream operations within Ghana’s oil and gas industry. The qualitative study used data from in-depth semi-structured interviews with fifteen employees across the oil and gas sector in Ghana. In the three quantitative studies, three hundred and twenty-six employees responded to both online and paper-based questionnaires. Results of this research indicate that work-related bullying behaviours are more common than person-related bullying in the oil and gas sector in Ghana. Additionally, aspects of Ghanaian culture, unequal distribution of power, supervisors’ perceived job insecurity as well as perceived racial discrimination were identified as causes of workplace bullying. This study also found that employees reported psychological distress, mistakes and errors, poor work attitudes, and turnover intentions as a result of bullying at work. Furthermore, recreational activities and social support as well as religious coping were identified as resources available to employees and used to deal with workplace bullying. Job demands (work pace and workload) and resources (job control and supervisor social support) were associated with workplace bullying. Results again showed that the interaction of some specific job demands, and resources was related to workplace bullying. Moreover, psychological capital and religiosity respectively moderated the relationship between workplace bullying and psychological well-being. Finally, psychological well-being mediated the relationship between workplace bullying and engagement, burnout and job satisfaction respectively. Workplace bullying is pervasive in Ghana’s oil and gas industry and occupational health and safety professionals should seek to reduce specific job demands and increase specific job resources. Organisations in Ghana can aid the development of psychological capital through training to enhance employee well-being whilst understanding coping mechanisms such as religiosity. Additionally, organisations should implement anti-bullying policies and procedures fairly and ensure a psychologically safe work environment. Findings from this thesis are integrated and further discussed in the final chapter. The limitations of the various studies are critically analysed with recommendations for future studies. Additionally, the implications of the findings for theory and practice, especially in Ghanaian organisations, are highlighted.

The experience as a document: Designing for the future of collaborative remembering in digital archives
2020
Delatte Espinosa, Marta
University of Hull

How does it feel when we remember together on-line? Who gets to say what it is worth to be remembered? To understand how the user experience of participation is affecting the formation of collective memories in the context of online environments, first it is important to take into consideration how the notion of memory has been transformed under the influence of the digital revolution. I aim to contribute to the field of User Experience (UX) research theorizing on the felt experience of users from a memory perspective, taking into consideration aspects linked to both personal and collective memories in the context of connected environments. Harassment and hate speech in connected conversational environments are specially targeted to women and underprivileged communities, which has become a problem for digital archives of vernacular creativity (Burgess, J. E. 2007) such as YouTube, Twitter, Reddit and Wikipedia. An evaluation of the user experience of underprivileged communities in creative archives such as Wikipedia indicates the urgency for building a feminist space where women and queer folks can focus on knowledge production and learning without being harassed. The theoretical models and designs that I propose are a result of a series of prototype testing and case studies focused on cognitive tools for a mediated human memory operating inside transactive memory systems. With them, aims to imagine the means by which feminist protocols for UX design and research can assist in the building and maintenance of the archive as a safe/brave space. Working with perspectives from media theory, memory theory and gender studies and centreing the user experience of participation for women, queer folks, people of colour (POC) and other vulnerable and underrepresented communities as the main focus of inquiring, my research takes an interdisciplinary approach to interrogate how online misogyny and other forms of abuse are perceived by communities placed outside the center of the hegemonic normativity, and how the user experience of online abuse is affecting the formation of collective memories in the context of online environments.

School bullying and health: a psychological and developmental analysis
2008
Doherty, S.
University of Ulster

This research makes us of recent analytical advances to further our understanding of school bullying experiences (bullying/victimisation/observing) and their adverse health consequences by firstly, testing the ability of two measurement models of bullying and victimisation (derived from the TRM), to measure four types of bullying behaviour.  Consequently, the rate of bullying experiences, gender and age group were investigated.  Moreover, since evidence exists that children and adolescents are using their own definitions this research examined whether these perceptions vary depending on how the definition is presented.  Different levels in reporting of bullying experiences were examined.  The effects of bullying experiences on children’s health were explored using the CHQ CF-87, a new generic measure of child and adolescent health status.  This was firstly evaluated employing a confirmatory factor analytic approach to test the implied factor structure and subsequently measurement invariance across gender was tested.  Increasing recognition of cultural, developmental, and contextual influences on psychological constructs has increased the need to demonstrate measurement invariance rather than merely assuming that measures are equivalent across groups.  Consequently, the seven invariant subscales were employed to examine the health of bullies, victims, bully-victims, and non-involved children. A sample of children and adolescents (N=2318) in nine post-primary schools in Northern Ireland was recruited. It is evident that not only is the rate of bullying experiences distressingly high in schools worldwide, including Ireland but also that it can and does have serious negative effects on the health and well-being of school-children. More research is needed to disentangle biological factors, stress from demanding schoolwork, under-reporting of relational bullying, avoidant and ambivalent dispositions in the non-involved subgroup and the under-reporting of victimisation and health issues by boys.

Teenage Sexting: A Deeper Rabbit Hole Than You Might Think

Teenage Sexting: A Deeper Rabbit Hole Than You Might Think

Teenage sexting is a legitimate concern among parents. Research shows that most teenagers have some involvement in sexting (i.e. whether they send and/or receive sexual images), and it can reflect the parental worries of the extent (e.g. how often and in what ways) and consequences (e.g. non-consensual sexual image sharing) associated with it.

Though we do not aim to “put to bed” such legitimate parent concerns about sexting, we do aim to expand on the results of present teenage sexting as a more nuanced and complex phenomenon. The results of our research showed that two-way “sexters” (i.e. those who send and receive sexual images) were more likely to be boys, and were mere likely to show conduct and hyperactivity problems. Girls were more likely to send sexual images and were “more frequently asked” to send sexual images than boys were. As such, sexting behaviour is more elaborate than solely the direction of communication (i.e. senders and receivers of sexual images), as it also incorporates who asks for sexual images to be sent, and whether the sexual image was sent or received.

It would appear from our research findings that sexting is possibly more “normalised” among boys, and in some contexts (e.g. when asked by others to send sexual images) viewed as “intrusive” among girls.

We also noted that two-way “sexters” were also more likely to be LGBTQI+. We argued that for these teenagers, sexting might be playing an important role in their sexual identity expression. Digital environments that can facilitate sexting (e.g. WhatsApp) might be allowing LGBTQI+ boys and girls to express “more freely” via sexting. In a previous study, LGBTQI+ individuals appeared to be engaging in sexting to challenge heterosexual norms. Prior to conducting this research, we did not expect the study findings to go in this direction. We felt after-words that advising the explicit forbidding of sexting as an online safety measure might present more problems than solutions.

We propose that sexting behaviour is considered within wider psychoeducation and online safety programmes that focus on consent and progressive sexual education inclusive of LGBTQI+ frameworks. Early efforts to deliver these programmes would likely be most successful as we know from past research that sexting behaviour can happen from an early age in line with first experiences of sexual exploration. It would be fair to say that our research led us down a deep rabbit hole and out the other side well more informed about the complexities associated with teenage sexting.

By Derek A. Laffan

This post is based on this recently published paper: 

Foody, M., Mazzone, A., Laffan, D. A., Loftsson, M., & O’Higgins Norman, J. (in press). “It’s not just sexy pics”: An investigation into sexting behaviour and behavioural problems in adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S074756322030409X

 

The effects of interpersonal communication style on task performance and well being
2007
Taylor, Howard
Buckinghamshire New University

This thesis is based around five studies examining the psychology of interpersonal communication applied to organizational settings. The studies are designed to examine the question of how the way that people in positions of power in organizations communicate with subordinates, affects various measures of health, wellbeing and productivity. It is impossible to study modern organisational communication without recognising the importance of electronic communication. The use of e-mail and other forms of text messaging is now ubiquitous in all areas of communication. The studies in this thesis include the use of e-mail as a medium of communication and examine some of the potential effects of electronic versus face-to-face and verbal communication. The findings of the studies support the basic hypothesis that: it is not what is said that matters but how it is said. The results showed that an unsupportive, formal, authoritarian style of verbal or written communication is likely to have a negative effect on health, well-being and productivity compared with a supportive, informal and egalitarian style. There are also indications that the effects of damaging communications may not be confined to the initial recipient of the message. Organizational communication does not take place in a vacuum. Any negative consequences are likely to be transmitted by the recipient, either back to the sender or on to other colleagues with implications for the wider organisational climate. These findings are based on communications that would not necessarily be immediately recognised as obviously offensive or bullying, or even uncivil. The effects of these relatively mild but unsupportive communications may have implications for the selection and training of managers. In the final section of the thesis there is a discussion of how examples of various electronically recorded messages might be used as training material.

The World Anti-Bullying Forum 2019 is just 1 Week Away!

The National Anti-Bullying Centre (ABC) is the host for the World Anti-Bullying Forum 2019 in Dublin City University which takes place next week. Many of ABC’s staff and students will be presenting their latest research work and contributions to national and international anti-bullying policy.

Some of the world’s most renowned anti-bullying researchers and practitioners will be attending, presenting and working at the conference, which is a once in a lifetime event for Dublin to be the host city.

Aside from academic contributions, several industry and organisational sessions by the likes of Facebook, Vodafone, Webwise, Bulldog Solutions, McAfee, Comhairle na nÓg and UNESCO will also deliver their input into how they tackle bullying and promote online safety within their industries.

In terms of specific topics, there will be a wide range of research areas presented including: school bullying, cyberbullying, sexting, peer and sibling bullying, bystanders, interventions, harassment, policy evaluation, among many others. See the full conference programme here for more detail on the specific talks and presentations.

The conference will be using the hashtag #WABF2019 for Twitter and updating the progress of the event on social media. Currently the conference organizers are trying to reach out to more people who would be interested in volunteering. Volunteers can apply here if they are interested, and will have access to the conference talks and lunches.

As hosts, we are excited to meet everyone and welcome everyone to Dublin!